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SourceVentureEngineer.40SourceNationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratoryU.S.DepartmentofEnergy.ModernShaleGasDevelopmentintheUnitedStatesAPrimer.April2009.SamplecompoundsfromExhibit36FracturingFluidAdditivesMainCompoundsandCommonUses.AdvancedoxidationPeroxideultravioletlightH2O2UVOzoneultravioletlightO3UVHydrogenperoxideozoneH2O2O3HydrogenperoxideozoneultravioletH2O2O3UVprocesses.OzoneUltrasoniccavitationRapidreactionratesSmallootprintCanreducetoxicityandcompletemineralizationoorganicstreatedDoesnotconcentratewasteorurthertreatmentunlikemembranesDoesnotproducematerialsthatrequireurthertreatmentsuchasspentcarbonNonselectivepathwayallowsorthetreatmentomultipleorganicsatonceCapitalIntensiveComplexchemistrymustbetailoredtospecifcapplicationForsomeapplicationsquenchingoexcessperoxideisrequiredEvaporationMechanicalVaporRecompressorEvaporationCrystallizationCancreatedrinkablewaterrombrinywateriotherrequirementsaremetNewermobilesystemsdonotrequirepermitsNotcosteectiveorlowTDSwatersourcesStationarysystemsarecapitalintensiveandrequirepermitsReverseOsmosisMorecosteectiveatlowerTDSPotablewateronlyromsourceswithTDSlessthan35000mgLMembranesMorecosteectiveatlowerTDSPotablewateronlyromsourceswithTDSlessthan35000mgLManyothecompoundsusedinracturinguidsareincommonusebuttherecouldbeasignifcantopportunityorthedevelopmentomoreenvironmentallysaerackinguids.AccordingtotheNationalEnergyTechnologyLaboratorysprimeronshalegasdevelopmentthesecompoundsaresaewhenhandledproperlyandarecommonlyusedinavarietyodailyapplicationsTable15.Thecompoundthatisreerencedthemostotentodemonstratethesaetyothesechemicalsisguargumwhichisusedinicecream.HydrochloricacidSwimmingpoolchemicalandcleanerGlutaraldehydeDisinectantsterilizemedicalanddentalequipmentAmmoniumpersulateBleachingagentindetergentandhaircosmeticsmanuactureohouseholdplasticsNn-dimethylormamideUsedinpharmaceuticalsacrylicfbersplasticsGelGuargumhydroxyethylcelluloseCosmeticstoothpastesaucesbakedgoodsicecreamEthyleneglycolAutomotiveantireezehouseholdcleansersanddeicingDespitetheircommonusethesechemicalsmustbehandledsaelybecauseaccidentaldischargecanbeveryharmul.AccordingtothePennsylvaniaLandTrustMarcellusdrillinghasresultedin952potentiallyseriousenvironmentalviolationsin2.5years.41Anyotheseviolationscouldleadtocontaminationostreamsandaquiers.FurthermorewhilecompoundslikeguargumthatisusedinicecreamareotenhighlightedtodemonstratethebenignnatureoracturinguidstherearemoredangerouscompoundsthatareusedsuchasBenzeneandNaphthalenethatcanbelethalat0.1PPMandtheactualconcentrationsatthepointoinjectioncanarexceedsaetystandardsTable16.Table14On-SiteTreatmentOptionsTreatmentAdvantagesDisadvantagesTable15FracturingCompoundsandCommonUsesCompoundCommonUse25